FROM FINITE COSMOS TO INFINITE CREATOR: AN UNASSAILABLE DEFENSE OF THE KALAM COSMOLOGICAL ARGUMENT

Abstract

The Kalam Cosmological Argument stands at the crossroads of philosophy, theology, and contemporary science. This paper offers a thorough defense of its two central premises—(1) the contingency of the universe and (2) the necessity of a causal origin—while explicitly engaging the most influential historical and modern critiques. We address David Hume’s empiricist challenge to causality, Immanuel Kant’s contention that causation is merely a mental category, and recent scientific objections drawn from quantum cosmology, multiverse proposals, and “universe-from-nothing” models. By integrating rigorous metaphysical analysis with current cosmological findings, we demonstrate that these objections fail to undermine the soundness of the Kalam argument. We then deduce the essential attributes of the ultimate cause—will, power, knowledge, and life—showing that the argument culminates in the conception of a personal, volitional Creator. In doing so, this study reinforces the enduring philosophical relevance of the Kalam Cosmological Argument in the face of twenty-first-century challenges.