اصول نقد حدیث کے متنی معیارات کا اطلاق: ائمہ اربعہ کی حدیثی تالیفات کا تجزیاتی مطالعہ

Application of Textual (Matn-Based) Criteria in Hadith Criticism: An Analytical Study of the Hadith Works of the Four Imams

Abstract

This research article offers a comparative examination of the textual (matn) criteria applied in Hadith criticism by the four prominent Imams: Abu Hanifa, Malik ibn Anas, Muhammad ibn Idris al-Shafi'i, and Ahmad ibn Hanbal. While the authenticity of Hadith relies heavily on the chain of narration (sanad), the content (matn) must also be scrutinized for coherence with the Quran, established Sunnah, consensus of the Ummah, and rational principles. The study delves into each Imam's methodology: Abu Hanifa's focus on rational deduction and alignment with general jurisprudential principles; Malik's emphasis on the living practice of the people of Medina as a benchmark for textual validity; Shafi'i's rigorous insistence on harmony with definitive texts and avoidance of anomalies or hidden defects; and Ahmad's prioritization of textual traditions over analogy, with flexibility for weaker narrations in matters of virtues, provided they do not contradict core principles. Through this analysis, shared foundational standards—such as conformity with the Quran and consensus—are highlighted alongside distinctive differences influenced by historical, intellectual, and regional contexts. The findings underscore the dynamic evolution of Hadith sciences and its impact on the diversity of Islamic jurisprudence.