Cyberbullying in Higher Education: Mental Health Consequences, Academic Outcomes, and Interventions—A Review of Literature

Abstract

Cyber bullying has emerged as a serious social and psychological concern in Pakistan, particularly with the rapid expansion of internet access and social media use among students. This literature review examines the nature of cyber bullying, its impact on students’ mental health and academic achievement, and the interventions discussed in existing Pakistani and regional studies. Drawing on national research, policy reports, and empirical studies, the review highlights that cyber bullying commonly manifests through online harassment, humiliation, threats, and social exclusion. The literature consistently indicates a strong association between exposure to cyber bullying and adverse mental health outcomes such as anxiety, depression, emotional distress, low self-esteem, and social withdrawal. These psychological effects often translate into academic difficulties, including reduced concentration, declining performance, absenteeism, and disengagement from learning. The review further reveals that cultural norms, fear of stigma, lack of awareness, and weak reporting mechanisms often prevent victims in Pakistan from seeking timely support. Existing studies emphasize the need for multi-level interventions, including awareness programs, institutional policies, parental involvement, counselling services, and responsible digital practices. By synthesizing available literature, this study underscores the urgency of addressing cyber bullying as both an educational and mental health issue within the Pakistani context and highlights gaps that require further empirical exploration.