اسلامی قانون جنگ میں مال غنیمت :نصوص شرعیہ اور فقہاء کرام کی آراء کاتحقیقی وتجزیاتی مطالعہ

The Concept of War Booty in Islamic Law: A Research-Based Analytical Study of Primary Islamic Texts and Juristic Opinions of Muslim Scholars

Abstract

Islamic law constitutes a comprehensive normative system that addresses not only matters of faith and morality but also provides detailed legal regulations governing military conduct. Among the central issues within Islamic military jurisprudence is the concept of Ghanimah (spoils of war), which denotes wealth and property lawfully acquired during armed conflict in accordance with Sharīʿah principles. The legal framework governing Ghanimah is firmly rooted in the Qurʾān and Sunnah and has been extensively elaborated by classical Muslim jurists (fuqahāʾ), who systematically discussed its conditions, collection, distribution, and rightful entitlement. In addition to juristic discourse, prominent Qurʾānic exegetes (mufassirūn), particularly Imām al-Jaṣṣāṣ in Aḥkām al-Qurʾān and Imām al-Qurṭubī in al-Jāmiʿ li-Aḥkām al-Qurʾān, have examined the concept of Ghanimah through detailed textual interpretation. Their analyses offer a contextual and legal understanding of the relevant Qurʾānic injunctions, emphasizing the ethical foundations of justice, equity, and discipline within Islamic warfare. This article undertakes a research-based analytical study of the rulings concerning Ghanimah by primary Islamic texts alongside the opinions of classical jurists and selected exegetical perspectives, thereby highlighting the coherence and legal depth of Islamic law in regulating the spoils of war.