برصغیر کی اہم منحرف تحریکیں اور ان کے عقائد ونظریات کا تعارفی مطالعہ

An Introductory Study of the Major Deviant Movements of the Subcontinent and Their Beliefs and Ideologies

Abstract

This article presents an introductory study of the major deviant movements that emerged in the Indian subcontinent and analyzes their beliefs and ideologies in the light of mainstream Islamic thought. Islam, as a divinely revealed religion, was perfected through the final Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), who established a balanced and comprehensive system for social peace, moral integrity, and spiritual guidance. Throughout Islamic history, scholars and the majority of the Muslim community preserved this intellectual and religious continuity by countering deviations and extremism. Deviation (inhiraf) refers to departing from the collectively agreed principles, doctrines, and methodology of Islam. When such deviation affects fundamental beliefs, it becomes a serious threat to faith and may ultimately lead to disbelief if left uncorrected. The article categorizes deviation into three major forms: doctrinal deviation, which includes disbelief, polytheism, and heretical beliefs; methodological or intellectual deviation, in which individuals remain within Islam formally but adopt self-invented ideologies contrary to established Islamic principles; and moral deviation, which refers to abandoning ethical and social responsibilities prescribed by Islam. In the context of the subcontinent, several movements arose that challenged the consensus (ijma‘) of the Muslim community by introducing novel interpretations and claims, often centered around distorted concepts of prophethood, messianism, or religious authority. Among these, the Mahdist movement occupies a significant place due to its historical impact and theological implications. By examining the origins, representatives, and doctrines of such movements, this study aims to create awareness and provide intellectual safeguards for contemporary Muslims against ideological misguidance. Ultimately, the article emphasizes that safeguarding authentic Islamic belief and methodology is essential for preserving religious harmony and preventing the spread of doctrinal and moral فساد (corruption).